you've probably been using washers for 0:01 the vast majority of your life and it's 0:04 kind of obvious what they do they make 0:07 bolts bolt bigger you use them when 0:09 you're told to use them and put them 0:11 back when you remove them most of the 0:13 time sometimes they let you fix things 0:16 with a drywall screw from the tetanus 0:18 drawer I think I've reached a point in 0:20 my life where the washer must be truly 0:23 understood and appreciated here's a 0:25 washer video for 0:27 you long before the prec tooled metal 0:31 discs we know today most ancient 0:33 civilizations made use of washer likee 0:36 devices from available materials 0:38 archaeological findings from Mesopotamia 0:41 Egypt and Rome all have revealed the use 0:43 of primitive washers from leather bone 0:46 wood and eventually bronze to prevent 0:48 splitting in wooden and stone structures 0:51 the Romans employed copper discs in 0:53 their aqueducts to prevent leakage while 0:55 Chinese Engineers during the Han Dynasty 0:57 developed bronze washers for more 0:59 complex mechanisms like Jang hang's 1:01 seismograph these washer likee 1:03 components represent early engineering 1:05 insight into load distribution 1:07 principles as craftsmanship evolved 1:10 through the medieval period into the 1:11 Renaissance the production of washers 1:14 became a scale of blacksmiths and 1:16 specialized Artisans Castle Builders 1:18 ship writes and clock makers all 1:20 developed their own variations to suit 1:22 specific needs from the iron washers in 1:25 medieval European architecture to the 1:27 precisely crafted brass components in 7 1:29 17th century time pieces without 1:32 standardization each washer was 1:35 essentially a Custom Creation with 1:37 quality depending entirely on the 1:39 Craftsman's skill this era of 1:42 handcrafted Project Specific washers 1:44 would continue until the Industrial 1:46 Revolution and the introduction of 1:48 mechanized production and 1:50 standardization as Steam Powered 1:52 Machinery revolutionized Manufacturing 1:54 in late 18th century Britain the first 1:57 mechanized punch presses emerged these 2:00 early machines though crude by modern 2:02 standards could produce hundreds of 2:04 identical washers in the time of skilled 2:07 blacksmith my craft a dozen this 2:09 manufacturing leap coincided with the 2:11 development of standardized thread 2:13 systems for nuts and bolts by Pioneers 2:15 like Henry modley and Joseph Whitworth 2:18 creating a system where interchangeable 2:20 faster components became not just 2:22 possible but essential for Mass 2:24 manufacturing by the 19th century the 2:27 simple washer had evolved to an 2:29 engineered solution solution for 2:30 specific mechanical problems washers 2:33 stand out from most other simple common 2:35 mechanical components in that their 2:37 dislike form with a Centric hole can 2:40 serve multiple functions simultaneously 2:43 the most common functions of a washer is 2:45 to spread a load preventing damage to 2:48 the surface being fixed providing 2:50 insulation or sealing between components 2:52 creating a Precision Gap and maintaining 2:54 the Integrity of threaded Fastener 2:56 connections by preventing loosening due 2:58 to vibration thermal EXP expansion or 3:00 mechanical stress most washers can be 3:03 categorized into three broad types plain 3:06 washers spring washers and locking 3:08 washers plain washers are the most 3:10 common type of washer with their simple 3:13 flat annular shape the simple device 3:15 creates a bearing surface for Fastener 3:17 heads or nuts preventing damage to the 3:20 underlying material by creating broader 3:22 pressure distribution this is especially 3:25 critical in surfaces that can deform or 3:27 Dent reducing the clamping force of the 3:29 joint 3:30 plane washers also reduce heat and 3:32 friction during the tightening process 3:34 Beyond this basic function plane washers 3:37 also serve a crucial secondary purpose 3:39 when the mounting hole is larger in 3:41 diameter than the fixing nut providing a 3:43 solid Bridge across the Gap that would 3:45 otherwise compromise the Fastener 3:47 Integrity in modern standards washers 3:50 follow precise dimensional 3:52 specifications with the outside diameter 3:54 inside diameter and thickness all 3:57 specified to ensure compatibility with 3:59 standardized f asers generally the ratio 4:01 of these dimensions are determined to 4:03 provide sufficient rigidity to 4:05 distribute loads while minimizing the 4:07 addition of unnecessary height to the 4:10 assembly the American national standards 4:13 Institute established a comprehensive 4:15 classification system for General use 4:17 flat washers that balances manufacturing 4:20 efficiency with application requirements 4:23 type A represents steel washers 4:25 manufactured to broader tolerances in 4:28 narrow and wide series as defined in ANC 4:30 asme B18 221 making them economical for 4:35 applications where absolute Precision 4:37 isn't critical type B designates washers 4:40 made to significantly tighter tolerances 4:43 with outside diameters precisely 4:45 categorized as narrow regular or wide 4:48 for more demanding applications the 4:51 standardization also Incorporated other 4:53 American washer standards such as the 4:55 USS and SAE washer standard creating a 4:59 system that addresses various industrial 5:01 needs while maintaining consistent 5:03 specifications let's take a little break 5:05 from all this wash or talk for a second 5:07 and allow me to share a little bit about 5:09 this episode sponsor skillshare 5:12 skillshare is the largest online 5:13 learning community for creatives 5:15 spanning a massive spectrum of topics 5:18 with thousands of classes led by 5:20 industry experts across illustration 5:22 design animation film photography 5:25 entrepreneurship and more skillshare can 5:28 help you elevate your career Hobbies 5:29 your passions to a higher level with an 5:32 insightful learn by doing approach for 5:35 example I've been working on improving 5:37 my 3D visualization skills lately and 5:40 I've been revisiting this amazing series 5:42 of videos on blender that perfectly 5:44 brings together how to visualize 5:46 mechanical elements whether you want to 5:49 fuel your curiosity creativity or even 5:51 ramp up your career skills skillshare is 5:54 the perfect place to keep you learning 5:56 and 5:57 thriving the first 500 people to use use 5:59 my link in the description will receive 6:01 a one-month free trial of skillshare get 6:04 started today the British would develop 6:06 their own metric standard in the 1960s 6:09 known as the British standard for metric 6:11 series metal washers or BS 4320 the 6:15 system establishes a classification 6:17 system using the concept of washer forms 6:20 these forms designated a through G set 6:22 precise dimensional specifications and 6:24 tolerance the system further 6:26 distinguishes finish with forms a to d 6:29 being classified as bright metal washers 6:32 that are available in various metals 6:33 from steel Alloys to brass and copper 6:36 and form e to G designated as black 6:39 uncoated mild steel washers typically 6:41 requiring supplementary protective 6:43 Coatings in Europe the German d25 6:47 Fastener standard one of the oldest 6:49 established specifications dating back 6:51 to the 1920s Incorporated metric plan 6:55 washers this standard defines two 6:57 subtypes A and B which share the same 7:01 overall dimensions but differ in that 7:03 formb washers are chamfered on one side 7:06 to Aid in assembly alignment Den 125 7:10 would become the basis for the 7:11 International Organization for 7:13 standardization or ISO 789 plane washers 7:17 normal series and ISO 790 plane washers 7:20 chamford series larger diameter washers 7:23 known as did 9021 which are similar to 7:26 BS 4320 form D washers would be mostly 7:29 incorporated into the iso 7093 standard 7:33 overall many Den Fastener standards have 7:36 been gradually replaced by ISO standards 7:38 as part of European and international 7:40 standardization efforts in many cases 7:43 these Den standards were used as the 7:45 basis for developing the ISO standards 7:48 similarly BS 4320 has been largely 7:51 harmonized with ISO standards with many 7:54 BS standards now designated as BS ISO to 7:58 indicate this alignment while these 8:01 standards are technically equivalent in 8:03 many cases there can be subtle 8:05 differences in tolerances material 8:07 specifications surface finish 8:09 requirements and testing methodologies 8:12 Fender washers also known as Penny 8:14 washers or repair washers in the UK 8:17 represent a specialized enhancement of 8:19 plane washers they feature an 8:21 exceptionally large outer diameter in 8:23 proportion to their Central hole for 8:26 example while a standard M10 washer 8:28 might have an outer diameter of 20 mm a 8:30 fender washer for the same size bolt 8:33 could extend to 30 mm or more these 8:36 washers excel at Distributing loads over 8:38 very large areas making them 8:40 indispensable when working with thin 8:42 sheet metal like automobile fenders the 8:45 substantially larger bearing surface 8:46 reduces pressure at any given point 8:49 preventing the Fastener from pulling 8:50 through the material they can also 8:52 effectively Bridge connections to holes 8:54 that have been enlarged by rust or wear 8:57 restoring functionality to damage 8:59 components without replacement while 9:00 both ISO and Anie incorporate Fender 9:03 washers into their plain washer standard 9:06 then 921 specifically defines their 9:08 specialized characteristic as a three 9:11 times diameter washer additional 9:14 specialized plain washers include 9:15 spherical washer assemblies which 9:17 feature a radius surface designed to 9:20 mate with a corresponding concave 9:22 surface this allows for up to 7° of 9:24 misalignment between Parts while 9:26 maintaining proper load distribution 9:28 solving connection problems on 9:30 non-parallel surfaces they're often used 9:33 in conjunction with mating nuts to 9:35 create self-aligning Fastener systems 9:37 one of the most common forms of these 9:39 type of washers can be found on vehicle 9:41 wheel mounting Fasteners anchor plates 9:44 or wall washers represent the largest 9:47 class of plane washers they consist of 9:49 substantial plates connected to tie rods 9:52 or bolts these massive load Distributing 9:55 devices are used on exterior walls of 9:58 masonary buildings for structural 10:00 reinforcement being visible 10:01 architectural elements many anchor 10:03 plates are manufactured with decorative 10:05 styling that enhances the building's 10:08 aesthetic while performing their 10:09 critical structural function for 10:12 woodworking applications torque washers 10:14 incorporate a square hole in the center 10:17 that matches the square section of a 10:19 carriage bolt this keyed design prevents 10:22 the bolt from rotating when the nut is 10:25 tightened spring washers are an 10:27 evolution of the plain washer design 10:30 that incorporate elastic properties that 10:32 provide axial Force when compressed 10:34 helping to maintain tension and prevent 10:36 fastner loosening under vibration or 10:39 thermal cycling split washers also known 10:42 as spring lock washers represent one of 10:45 the most recognizable and widely debated 10:47 spring washer designs their distinctive 10:50 ring structure is split at one point and 10:52 bent into a helical shape causing the 10:55 washer to exert a spring force between 10:56 the Fastener head and the substrate 10:59 creating increased friction and 11:01 resistance to rotation in concept when a 11:04 counterclockwise turning motion is 11:06 applied the washer's raised Edge also 11:08 bites into the underside of the bolt or 11:10 nut and the adjoining component actively 11:12 resisting turning this directional 11:14 biting design renders spring lock 11:16 washers ineffective on left-handed 11:18 threads hardened surfaces or with 11:21 additional washers engineering opinion 11:23 on the effectiveness of spring lock 11:24 washers has been divided for decades 11:27 critics argue that when fully tightened 11:28 the washer compresses flat against the 11:30 substrate essentially providing no more 11:32 resistance to rotating than a standard 11:34 plane washer under equivalent torque 11:36 this perspective gained significant 11:38 credibility when a 1990 NASA manual 11:41 categorically stated in summary a lock 11:43 washer of this type is useless for 11:45 locking however proponents counter that 11:48 spring washers provide a distinct 11:50 advantage in maintaining bolt tension 11:52 against the substrate and preserve 11:54 friction when loosened slightly whereas 11:57 plane washers fail in this regard 11:59 furthermore the formation of the spring 12:01 washers profile when flattened 12:03 effectively reduces the spring rate of 12:05 the entire bolted joint allowing it to 12:08 maintain greater clamping Force Under 12:09 identical vibration levels thereby 12:12 preventing loosening in Dynamic 12:14 environments split washers are 12:16 incorporated into several core Fastener 12:18 standards including asme an B18 211 Den 12:23 127 ISO 789 and ISO 7090 with several 12:28 specialized automotive industrial and 12:30 Military standards also being 12:32 established wave washers are another 12:35 common type of spring washer they 12:37 incorporate an undulating profile that 12:40 creates a specific spring pressure when 12:42 compressed the sinusoidal wave pattern 12:44 typically features three to five 12:46 complete waves around their 12:48 circumference creating multiple distinct 12:50 contact points around the Fastener wave 12:53 washers maintain consistent pressure 12:55 throughout their deflective range as the 12:57 Fasteners tighten these waves 12:59 progressively flatten gradually 13:01 increasing the contact area while 13:03 maintaining a nearly linear spring rate 13:06 this mechanical characteristic makes 13:08 them ideal for applications requiring 13:11 precise preload control unlike split 13:14 washers wave washers distribute their 13:16 spring Force symmetrically around the 13:18 Fastener eliminating the directional 13:20 limitations inherent to split designs 13:23 curved disk Springs function with a 13:25 mechanical principle similar to wave 13:27 washers but are curved in Only One 13:30 Direction rather than in a wave pattern 13:32 this unique geometry creates exactly 13:34 Four Points of contact with the 13:36 curvature RI being determined by the 13:38 washer's material properties and 13:40 intended load rating curved disc Springs 13:43 are typically chosen for their 13:44 exceptional deflection to thickness 13:46 ratio while a standard wave washer might 13:48 deflect 15 to 25% of its thickness 13:51 before flattening curve dis Springs can 13:53 achieve 40 to 60% deflection 13:56 proportional to their thickness 13:58 providing greater working range in space 14:00 constrained applications these washers 14:03 exhibit unique nonlinear Force 14:05 deflection characteristics initially 14:07 offering light resistance that increases 14:10 progressively as the washer flattens 14:12 this mechanical Behavior makes curv disc 14:15 spring washers particularly useful in 14:17 applications requiring tactile feedback 14:19 for preload indication during 14:21 installation both wave and curv spring 14:24 washer specifications are defined by D 14:27 137 at the higher Capac capacity end of 14:29 spring washers or Belleville washers or 14:32 disc Springs originally patented by 14:34 Julian Beville in the mid 19th century 14:37 these washers are essentially a spring 14:39 steel disc with a center hole that has 14:42 been formed into a shallow cone to 14:44 create a precise spring characteristic 14:46 when compressed the surface may be 14:48 serrated for improved locking 14:50 capabilities though this feature is 14:52 secondary to their primary spring 14:54 function the ratio between a bevel 14:56 washer's height and its thickness 14:58 determines its load deflection curve 15:00 effectively allowing for the tuning of 15:03 its spring rate what distinguishes 15:05 Beville washers from other spring types 15:07 is their exceptionally High load 15:09 capacity relative to size and their 15:11 unique ability to be stacked in various 15:14 configurations to modify spring 15:16 characteristics when stacked in series 15:18 the deflection capability adds while 15:20 load rating remains unchanged when 15:22 stacked in parallel the load capacity 15:25 adds while deflection remains constant 15:27 more complex arrangement ments that mix 15:29 stacking configurations are also 15:31 possible allowing for precisely tailored 15:34 spring characteristics in a simple 15:36 reliable component the annular shape of 15:39 a bevel washer also produces highly 15:41 Centric Force transmission and when 15:44 properly dimensioned offer remarkable 15:46 service life under Dynamic loading they 15:48 also provide a damping effect through 15:50 mechanical hysteresis converting 15:52 vibration into heat rather than 15:54 transmitting it through the assembly 15:56 Beyond this application in fast systems 15:59 bevel washers have found widespread use 16:02 as spring elements in Precision 16:03 mechanical assemblies in CNC machine 16:05 spindles carefully calibrated Stacks 16:08 provide the precise force needed for 16:10 Tool holding in aircraft and Automotive 16:12 applications they are used to provide 16:14 finely tuned vibration dampening 16:16 elements in building construction 16:18 particularly in seismically active 16:20 regions like Japan massive stacks of dis 16:23 Springs have been implemented as 16:24 earthquake vibration dampers beneath 16:27 entire structures they can also Al be 16:29 found in compressed gas regulators and 16:31 even specialized military applications 16:33 have utilized their precise trigger 16:35 threshold properties in ordinance fusing 16:37 mechanisms such as landmines the most 16:40 comprehensive standard for Beva washers 16:42 is Den 2093 with three capacity groups 16:46 when mechanical components operate at 16:48 higher speeds and under more extreme 16:50 conditions preventing Fastener loosening 16:52 becomes critical lock washers extend the 16:55 capability of spring washers in these 16:57 environments to lock washers also called 17:00 serrated washers or Star washers are one 17:03 of the most popular types of lock 17:05 washers while these washers do have some 17:07 spring action they're mostly used for 17:09 their mechanical locking action the 17:11 teeth are formed in a Twisted 17:13 configuration with a sharp edge with one 17:16 Edge biting into the bolt head or nut 17:19 and the other Edge into the mating 17:20 surface they're especially effective 17:23 when used with soft substrates like soft 17:25 metals or Plastics there are four types 17:29 internal external combination and 17:31 counter sunk with higher serration count 17:33 configurations providing more holding 17:35 despite their effectiveness the Locking 17:37 action can damage the mating surfaces 17:40 these scratches can cause crack 17:41 formation in highly stressed Fasteners 17:44 in mating parts or both as well as 17:46 increased corrosion susceptibility 17:48 serrated lock washers are standardized 17:51 primarily under Den 17:52 6798 tab washers are an alternative to 17:56 serrated washers that are 17:57 non-destructive though they require an 18:00 additional assembly step and design 18:02 consideration tab washers feature 18:04 projections that prevent fast nerve 18:06 Rotation by creating a physical stop 18:08 against nuts or bolt heads the tab may 18:11 be bent against the Fastener to lock it 18:13 into position preventing loosening in 18:15 high vibration or extreme temperature 18:17 environments they're made in both 18:19 internal and external varieties with 18:21 single or multiple tabs and are 18:24 primarily defined by d93 and 18:27 d463 wedge lock washers are a more 18:30 recent Innovation pioneered by nordlock 18:32 they secure bolted joints exposed to 18:35 severe vibration and dynamic loads all 18:38 without any additional assembly steps 18:41 these washers consist of a hardened 18:43 two-piece washer with radial teeth on 18:46 the outside to grip both the Fastener 18:48 and mounting surface the two halves form 18:51 a wedge seam which require additional 18:53 tension on the Fastener to separate 18:56 after tightening while generally more 18:58 expensive per piece these washers 19:00 provide the highest resistance to 19:01 vibrational loosening primarily used in 19:04 industrial military and civil 19:06 engineering applications wedgelock 19:08 washers are primarily defined by Den 19:11 25201 those specialized specifications 19:14 are quite common Beyond Force management 19:17 it's common for washers to be designed 19:19 primarily for sealing and insulation 19:22 insulating shoulder washers are one of 19:23 the most prevalent examples of this 19:25 typically made from nylon Teflon PE K or 19:29 other Plastics they're used to 19:31 electrically isolate mounting hardware a 19:33 variant of the shoulder washer known as 19:35 a top hat washer are also used in 19:38 plumbing applications for sealing Crush 19:40 washers are another simple but effective 19:42 sealing mechanism made of soft metals 19:44 like copper aluminum or brass they 19:46 compress and flatten when tightened 19:48 filling irregularities to prevent leaks 19:50 in High Press systems Dy seals also 19:53 known as bonded seals improve upon Crush 19:56 washers with the incorporation of an 19:58 elastomer that expands Under Pressure 20:01 making them ideal for high pressure 20:03 applications in mechanical hydraulic and 20:05 pneumatic systems washers are made from 20:07 a diverse range of materials to suit a 20:10 broad spectrum of applications carbon 20:12 Steels are by far the most common and 20:14 cost effective material used for PL 20:16 washers stainless steel grades are used 20:18 when higher corrosion resistance with 20:21 moderate hardness is needed for spring 20:23 and lock washers spring Steels are used 20:25 for their hardness and elasticity non-f 20:28 feris metals are used for targeted 20:29 applications such as copper and brass 20:31 for electrical conductivity and aluminum 20:34 titanium and bronze for weight and 20:36 corrosion resistance in higher 20:37 performance applications specialized 20:39 Alloys like inconel and monel Excel in 20:42 extreme environments where conventional 20:45 materials would fail modern washers also 20:48 utilize various Plastics such as 20:50 polyethylene PTFE or Teflon nylon 20:53 variants and felic materials that 20:55 provide electrical insulation while 20:57 remaining lightweight tough and 20:59 resistant to moisture chemicals and heat 21:02 Corrosion Protection is a critical 21:04 factor in determining washer service 21:06 life with most failure modes stemming 21:08 from environmental degradation rather 21:10 than mechanical wear while non-f feris 21:13 washers offer inherent corrosion 21:14 resistance steel washers employ a range 21:17 of protective systems sacrificial zinc 21:20 Coatings corrode to protect the base 21:21 material while phosphating creates a 21:24 durable zinc phosphate barrier with 21:26 protective oils controlled oxidation 21:29 processes are also used that produce 21:32 protective surface layers for 21:33 applications where phosphating abrasives 21:35 prove problematic for demanding 21:38 environments manufacturers apply 21:39 Advanced treatments including Precision 21:42 electroplating pen plating for the 21:44 mechanical embedding of protective 21:45 metals chemical nickel phosphor 21:48 precipitation for enhanced corrosion and 21:50 abrasion resistance and baked on 21:52 Coatings that combine zinc and aluminum 21:54 flakes in chromatic 21:57 compounds beneath the washer's 21:59 deceptively simple appearance lies 22:01 engineering Ingenuity with every design 22:04 variation developed to address unique 22:06 challenges of force distribution 22:08 vibration dampening or Environmental 22:10 Protection in a world of increasingly 22:12 complex technology the waser reminds us 22:15 that true engineering Brilliance often 22:18 lies not in complication but in the 22:21 refined Perfection of the fundamentally 22:24 simple 22:27 [Music]
